Evaluate The United Kingdom Governments Sustainable Community Agenda Social Work Essay Essay Example

Assess The United Kingdom Governments Sustainable Community Agenda Social Work Essay Inside the United Kingdoms complex open approaches there are a heap of notices made to manageability, networks and improvement. Open strategy shapers have an inclining to use the footings supportable, networks and improvement in a persuasive way which has worked out as expected since 1997 with New Labor creating strategies to go to cultural avoidance and advance network cognizance. Supportability has moved from being a conclusion to a need inside the urban condition. Dresner ( 2002 ) characterizes manageable advancement as ?satisfies the needs of the present without bargaining the capacity of future coevalss to run into their requests ( Dresner, 2002: 1 ) . Supportable people group can be characterized as topographic focuses where individuals need to populate and work, presently and in the great beyond. They fulfill the assorted needs of bing and future inhabitants, are touchy to their condition, and add to a high caliber of life. They are sheltered and comprehensive, great arranged, fabricated and run, and offer equity of possibility and great administrations for all ( Cooper and Symes, 2009: 120 ) . We will compose a custom article test on Evaluate The United Kingdom Governments Sustainable Community Agenda Social Work Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Evaluate The United Kingdom Governments Sustainable Community Agenda Social Work Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Evaluate The United Kingdom Governments Sustainable Community Agenda Social Work Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The reasons and points of this task are to investigate and fundamentally measure the grounds based hypothesis following the Governments manageable networks plan, in add-on make comparings of good and terrible supportable networks The move towards strong network commitment was featured in 1986 by the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. While it has been very much scrutinized for holding become a mantra ( Baum, 1989 ) it supplies a clear dread of the strategies of bring forthing solid metropoliss and networks. The sanction asked wellbeing segments to go to additional to fundamental wellbeing basicss, for example, cover, harmony, supplement, pay, guidance, stable biological systems, cultural justness and value, by focusing on methods of protagonism, enablement and intercession, besides on plans to develop sound open arrangements, enable networks, make strong situations and reorient health administrations towards health exposure ( Baum needs to happen page ) . In 1987 the World Commission on Environment and Development ( WCED ) study ?Our Common Future ( Brundtland Report ) featured the build of feasible improvement straight into the head of authoritiess universally. There was expanding worry about the impacts o f financial advancement on wellbeing, common assets and the earth. In June 1992, the Rio Earth Summit proclaimed that ?the privilege to advancement must be satisfied in order to impartially run into formative and natural requests of these days and future coevalss. Supportable improvement is non simply about the earth, it is other than about the monetary framework and our general public. In April 2003, Sir John Egan led a reappraisal to see the achievements expected to help present the vision and reasons for the Sustainable Communities program. The choices of The Egan Review ( day of the month ) recognized that a typical point was required to introduce supportable networks which would require non simply the expert achievements of arranging, engineering and looking over. In add-on a wide extent of conventional achievements, conduct and cognizance, organization, monetary arranging, imparting, danger pickings, driving and association working ( Egan day of the month ) . These people group are capable and ready to move together to reveal shared qualities, rejuvenate their regions and even co deliver nearby assistance. This use of ?network stays, in any case, a ground-breaking subject in cardinal authoritiess strategy programs. Plan 21 obviously expressed that an enemy of poverty plan ought to be a worked in segment of any reasonable advancement plot. All things considered, a solid choice drawn from movement concentrates in the UK ( notice ) is that LA21 has primarily been viewed as a bringing instrument for natural approach and has handled nearly scarcely any financial employments. In 2000, the Government put another duty on neighborhood governments to sort out network plans which advance and better the financial, cultural and natural great being of their nations, and add to the achievement of supportable improvement in the UK ( DETR, 2000 ) . Network plans can be viewed as the apex of the goals and viewpoints put on nearby governments to apply great key bearing, given that they incorporate the requests to be breezy, and partner vision to activity, to be enduring, all encompassing and to coordinate the standpoints and activities of a wide grouping of partners. ( Williams et al. , 2006: 59 ) Generally, neighborhood governments have worked under incredibly departmentalised and hierarchal developments sorted out by part, for the most part reflecting those of cardinal specialists. Arrangements will in general be created by single areas in this way it might be recommended ( notice ) oftentimes neglect to include cross cutting agendas, for example, LA21. Research recommend that there are likenesses among LA21 and network plans ( Tuxworth, 2001 ) , each piece great as a few contrasts ( Fisher, 1999 ; Pinfield and Saunders, 2000 ) . Seemingly the two plans mean to equilibrate ecological, cultural and financial contemplations inside the strategy system, thusly underscoring association working and network commitment as the way frontward. In add-on both require a dream proclamation obviously connected to an activity program and reason to mensurate the achievement of this against unmistakably characterized result based indexs. One distinction between the two plans comes from LA21s causes as a universal approval, to embrace planetary issues from the neighborhood degree. Interestingly, people group plans center completely around personal satisfaction issues at the neighborhood degree and are vaguely required to see the planetary effect of nearby movement. Just the same as Burningham and Thrush ( 2001 ) , the exploration proposes that consolidate strategy contriving and bringing bodes well to nearby individuals, regardless of whether it is non communicated using this phonetic correspondence. For sure, in financially denied and ecologically defiled networks, strategy officials, undertaking laborers and nearby individuals in like manner accept there is little sense in an arrangement agenda that does non take this assault. Nearby individuals are tired of being counseled again and again by various departments on a similar theme, for example the great beyond of their nation, recovery, neighborhood administration bringing and other personal satisfaction issues. They are other than baffled by the storehouse ?which can be characterized as compartmentalization viewpoint of segments and the way that the correct manus does non hope to cognize what the left manus is making. They perceive that, as a result, a large number of their interests neer ge t tended to in light of the fact that they fall through the spread in strategy concocting footings and they feel that treasured assets are as often as possible being squandered through copy of endeavor or unnecessarily barely focussed bringing agenda. Sir Michael sets out his vision for the great beyond of neighborhood specialists fixated on the build of ?place-molding, which he characterizes as ?the originative utilization of forces and impact to propel the general prosperity of a network and its residents ( Lyons 2007: 60 ) Using their capacity to pass on together nearby partners, each piece great as their financial and administrative assets, nearby governments must focus on building up a dream for their nations, and improve use of the forces available to them. Lyons urges Government to end taking care of neighborhood governments as administration bringing natural structures and moves nearby committees to be proactive rather than perpetually seek the Center for advice and motivation. There is along these lines a lot of disarray about how the numerous strategies of commitment or network commitment in open strategy identify with the more extensive builds of vote based system, portrayal and approval. Research proposes ( notice ) that there has been one impossible to miss nation of disarray identifies with whether specialists announcements on network approval recommend a broad transportation of capacity to nearby networks. For representation, Barnes et Al. ( 2008 ) researched a figure of representations of ?resident focused organization where neighborhood individuals cooperate ?to set up ones psyche how their expectations will be met and how open administrations can better their personal satisfaction ( Barnes et al. 2008: 1 ) . Barnes ( 2008 ) recognized this made an ?interwoven of organization understandings where assurance contriving is every now and again not well characterized and to those non straight included, besides there is uncertainness about whether reside nts are included on account of their single induced perception or as agents of the more extensive network. The outcome might be that of participatory organization which can be characterized as organization that effectively looks for the consideration of the individuals, especially the individuals who are oppressed and socially and financially prohibited. Participatory organization supports the commitment of the individuals who do non happen it simple to partake in region methods. Hence the people may accomplish new achievements and entrances through collaborating with experts and chose individuals moreover the nearby majority rule government turns out to be increasingly vivacious, ostensibly however it can scarcely be guaranteed

Vessel by Twenty One Pilots free essay sample

On the off chance that you like music with a message, at that point you will like Twenty One Pilots! They are Christians, they dont go on and on about it however they are. Tyler Joseph used to be a love head. In any case, back to their music When I truly tuned in to the verses of the melodies on this collection, I resembled, This seems like my life! I particularly love Car Radio since its SO obvious and entirely relatable. We as a whole to conceal something we face by tuning in to music so we can feel much improved. In any case, Tyler Joseph is stating in this tune its alright to kill the music and consider life. On the off chance that we keep concealing it, at that point its like we hold concealing garbage under our beds. On the off chance that we continue putting stuff under there, everything will in the end come blasting out. So it is smarter to confront issues a tad at once rather than at the same time. We will compose a custom article test on Vessel by Twenty One Pilots or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Taking everything into account, Id like to cite a few verses from Car Radio. Theres confidence and theres rest We have to pick one please in light of the fact that Faith is to be wakeful And to be conscious is for us to think And for us to believe is to be alive And I will attempt with each rhyme To appear to be I am biting the dust To tell you have to attempt to think Confidence. We will ALWAYS feel void without Faith in Jesus! Vessel by Twenty One Pilots free exposition test â€Å"Vessel† is comparative in sound and message to the group’s eponymous presentation. However it extends and enhances its forerunner, creating succinct and significant tracks like â€Å"Car Radio† and â€Å"Guns for Hands.† These melodies depict the way toward perceiving, adapting to, and tolerating one’s brain in spite of its imperfections and eccentricities. This reason is a significant piece of the band’s message and is communicated unmistakably and sincerely all through the collection, particularly in these two melodies which, right up 'til the present time, stay adored by fans. In spite of the fact that the tunes ontheir debut, â€Å"Twenty One Pilots,† communicates thoughts in this vein, it does so fairly inconsistently; â€Å"Vessel† explains these topics in a way that rearranges yet improves the listening experience. Lead vocalist and musician Tyler Joseph further differentiates the band’s joining by playing his scandalous ukulele. Melodies, for example, â€Å"House of Gold† and â€Å"Oh Ms. Believer† highlight the now notable ukulele. The instrument includes a truly necessary non-abrasiveness and healthiness to Twenty One Pilots’ tunes, missing in their debut. We will compose a custom exposition test on Vessel by Twenty One Pilots or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page With â€Å"Vessel,† Twenty One Pilots shape the investigations of its first collection into the strong, aesthetic, provocative item with no loss of genuineness. With the two collections, the band’s message and sound grow significantly in a manner that builds up Twenty One Pilots as its own special imaginative element.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder Causes and Treatments

Narcissistic Personality Disorder Causes and Treatments Theories Personality Psychology Print Narcissistic Personality Disorder Causes and Treatments By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on November 25, 2019 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on January 03, 2020 Chris Ryan/Getty Images More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is Narcissistic Personality Disorder? Symptoms Causes Treatments View All Back To Top Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is one of several different types of personality disorders.?? The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is used by many mental health professionals to diagnose this disorder, suggests that narcissistic personality disorder causes significant impairments in personality in terms of functioning and is accompanied by a number of pathological personality traits. What Is Narcissistic Personality Disorder? Narcissistic personality disorder is an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior  characterized by self-centeredness, lack of empathy, and an exaggerated sense of self-importance.?? As with other personality disorders, this disorder negatively impacts life in various areas including social, family, and work relationships. The National Institute of Mental Health suggests that approximately 9.1 percent of U.S. adults experience at least one type of personality disorder during any given year.  Older estimates had suggested that as many as 6.2 percent of American adults experienced NPD, yet more recent figures suggest that prevalence rates are actually lower than previously believed.   According to some current studies, narcissistic  personality disorder is estimated to affect approximately 1 percent of the adult population in the United States and is more common among men than women. Narcissistic personality disorder is thought to be less common than other personality disorders such as  borderline personality disorder,  antisocial personality disorder, and  histrionic personality disorder.   Symptoms Narcissism is a term commonly used to describe those who seem more concerned with themselves than with others. It is important to distinguish between those who have narcissistic personality traits and those suffering from narcissistic personality disorder.??  For example, narcissistic traits may be common during adolescence, but this does not necessarily mean that the teenager will go on to develop the full disorder. Some of the symptoms associated with NPD include:?? An exaggerated sense of ones own abilities and achievementsA constant need for attention, affirmation, and praiseA belief that he or she is unique or special and should only associate with other people of the same statusPersistent fantasies about attaining success and powerExploiting other people for personal gainA sense of entitlement and expectation of special treatmentA preoccupation with power or successFeeling envious of others, or believing that others are envious of him or herA lack of empathy for others?? An official diagnosis can only be made by a qualified mental health professional and requires the individual exhibit impairments in personality functioning in various domains including the experience of a grandiose sense of self-importance as well as in interpersonal difficulties with attention-seeking, empathy, and intimacy. Impairments in personality function and expression of personality traits must also be stable over time and across different situations, must not be normative for the individuals culture, environment, or stage of development, and must not be due to the direct influence of substance use or a general medical condition. People with narcissistic personality disorder are typically described as arrogant, conceited, self-centered, and haughty. Because they imagine themselves as superior to others, they often insist on possessing items that reflect a successful lifestyle. Despite this exaggerated self-image, they are reliant on constant praise and attention to reinforce their  self-esteem. As a result, those with narcissistic personality disorder are usually very sensitive to criticism, which is often viewed as a personal attack. 1:24 How to Identify a Malignant Narcissist Causes While the exact cause is unknown, researchers have identified some factors that may contribute to the disorder. Childhood experiences such as parental overindulgence, excessive praise, unreliable parenting, and a lack of an authentically validating environment are thought to contribute to narcissistic personality disorder. Genetics and biology are also thought to play a considerable role, although the exact causes are likely complex and varied.?? Treatments Individual psychodynamic  psychotherapy  can be effectively used to treat narcissistic personality disorder, although the process can be potentially difficult and lengthy.?? It is important to note that people with this disorder rarely seek out treatment. Individuals often begin therapy at the urging of  family members  or to treat symptoms that result from the disorder such as depression. Therapy can be especially for NPD difficult because clients are often unwilling to acknowledge the disorder.  This difficulty in treatment is often compounded by the fact that insurance companies tend to pay for short-term treatments that focus only on symptom reduction, not on underlying personality problems. Cognitive-behavioral therapy  is often effective to help individuals change destructive thought and behavior patterns.?? The goal of treatment is to alter distorted thoughts and create a more realistic self-image.  Psychotropic medications  are generally ineffective for long-term change  but are sometimes used to treat symptoms of anxiety or depression. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Todays Realities and Yesterdays Models Essay - 1156 Words

Todays Realities and Yesterdays Models Todays realities do not necessarily fit yesterdays models. In a universe where shifting paradigms are the norm, scientists are in continued search to establish cause and effect relationships between events that can be modeled. We see behaviorists scurrying for specific reasons as to why two youths could commit such heinous acts in Colorado. Their existing models could not predict such atrocity. Meteorologists and environmentalists are developing an explanation for global warming. What new factors will explain the condition? Will updated models accurately predict future trends? Economists are not exempt from this process. In todays world, where markets are defying what was previously†¦show more content†¦Phillips. Phillips theorized that high demand drives higher inflation and the growth of real output and corresponding lower unemployment rates.(McConnell and Bure, pg. 339) The viability of these models was challenged with the events of the 1970s and 1980s. Specifical ly, we began to see the simultaneous co-existence of both rising unemployment and inflation that was not indicated in either Keynes or Phillips models. Stagflation was the word used to describe this new phenomenon in which the economy was impacted by high inflation rates and high unemployment. The reality of the current events do not fit this model. The theories and terms used in the past modeled the times but none serve as a guide to describe todays reality. Unemployment has been falling for the past several years, and last month dipped to 4.2 percent, its lowest level in nearly three decades and well below any mainstream estimate of the natural unemployment rate. Economic growth, while slowing somewhat, remains robust. Yet, the predicted inflation is nowhere to be found.(Stevenson, April 11,1999) We are in the longest peacetime expansion in American history. We continue to move into uncharted water(Thurow). The growth rate for 1998 was 3.8 percent, the third consecutive year the economy has expanded at nearly 4 percent. Previous economic theory heldShow MoreRelatedMonte Carlo Simulation Analysis And Decision1698 Words   |  7 Pagesof an asset, such as a stock is: Today’s Stock Price= Yesterday’s Stock Price x er r=periodic daily return, the rate that the asset increased or decreased that day. Because the rate of return on an asset is a random number, to model the movement to determine possible future values, a formula is needed that models random movements. This was first done about a century ago by Louis Bachelier who first applied the Brownian Motion; a formula used to model random movements and physics to the movementRead MoreThe World Is A Super Tool Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pagesaimed to bring more convince and options to the consumer. In reality, this type of tactic is most beneficial to the corporation. What’s more, practices such as planned obsolescence further fuels the consumer cycle. Big business practices such as image propagation, branding, and planned obsolescence has led to excess waste in the wake if today’s global consumer culture, one that is centered around profit. There are companies in today’s global market that rely on branding to sell goods. ClothingRead MoreCustomer Centricity : Critical And Business Success1232 Words   |  5 Pages Being consumer focused in today’s world has to be seen as a complete necessity in order to drive business. Some would say it is a â€Å"licence to practice† (Zairi, 2000). 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Postman goes on to discuss in the second half of his book the effects of todays media, politics on television, religion on television, and finally televised educational programs. All, he says, are making a detrimental imprint on our society, its values, andRead MoreMonte Carlo Simulation : A Computerized Mathematical Technique1932 Words   |  8 Pagesof an asset, such as a stock is: Today’s Stock Price= Yesterday’s Stock Price x er r=periodic daily return, the rate that the asset increased or decreased that day. Because the rate of return on an asset is a random number, to model the movement to determine possible future values, a formula is needed that model random movements. This was first done about 100 years ago by Louis Bachelier who first applied the Brownian Motion; a formula used to model random movements and physics to the movementRead MorePersonal Mastery Is A Lifelong Discipline, Learning, And Systems Thinking1927 Words   |  8 Pagesand integrated into our lives. 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Robert Cialdini And His Colleagues Essay - 1749 Words

Robert Cialdini and his colleagues (1976) introduced and formalized the social psychological phenomenon called basking in reflected glory (BIRG), recognizing how individuals tend to increase their identification with a person or group—with whom they share a preexisting ingroup identity—when the latter has succeeded in an endeavor that brings group pride. Social identity theory is typically invoked to explain how the phenomenon is manifested through ingroup affiliation and self-enhancement. Though BIRG as a phenomenon has been found to be replicable across cultures, its determinants and manifestations nonetheless vary cross-culturally. Through the current literature review that aims to integrate the results of previous studies, it is found that the noninstrumental nature of ingroup identification and the increase in association with a successful other are cross-culturally similar. However, the construal of social identity and the achievements that become a source of ingr oup pride are significantly determined by a country’s historical and economic milieu, while the characteristics of self-enhancement (on both ascribed group and self-esteem) are informed by the values and expectations set forth by the culture to which basking individuals belong. Keywords: basking in reflected glory, social identity theory Cross-Cultural Differences in the Determinants and Manifestations of Basking in Reflected Glory It is a common and understandable tendency for people who have beenShow MoreRelatedCrafting Normative Messages Of The Environment Essay1784 Words   |  8 Pagesby Robert B. Cialdini. Where there is an issue of the primary public not seeming to care about the damage being done to the environment, and the public service announcements intended to stop or lessen the damage, has little to no effect. In the scientific paper â€Å"Crafting Normative Messages to Protect the Environment†, a theory is developed to describe the causal reason for why the public is not responding to public service announcements about protecting the environment. Robert B. Cialdini believesRead MoreSocial Psychology, The Social Identity1492 Words   |  6 Pagespsychological phenomenon introduced in Robert Cialdini and his colleagues’ (1976) research: basking in reflected glory (BIRG). As reflected in the opening quote, individuals are able to emphasize their affiliation with successful others, leading to the reinforcement of ingroup identifications shared with achieving individuals and the strengthening of one’s self-esteem by basking in the latter’s success (Bizman Yinon 2002; Boen et al, 2002). Basking in Reflected Glory Cialdini et al.’s (1976) classic socialRead MoreThe Act Of Basking And Public Image1127 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1976, Robert Cialdini and his colleagues first defined the concept of â€Å"basking in reflected glory† (BIRGing), the tendency to improve one’s self- and public image by publicly announcing one’s association with another person or group (identification) who has become successful in some endeavor (achievement) even if one is in no way the cause of the other’s success or â€Å"glory†. That is, the act of basking is done through association based on the person and the successful other belonging to the sameRead MoreProject Report On Productivity Improvement1447 Words   |  6 Pagesgratitude to everyone who has encouraged, motivated and guided me to make a fine effort for successful completion of this project. I would like to thank Sunlife Financial for giving me an opportunity to work on this project. 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Suppose you have your own department store and someone in your department store tells you that one of your colleagues have shifted her soft drink brand fromRead MoreThe Impact of Impression Management on Performance Rating Essay3664 Words   |  15 PagesLITERATURE REVIEW Laura (2006) has stated, â€Å"Professional image is defined as the aggregate of key constituents’ (i.e., clients, bosses, superiors, subordinates and colleagues) perceptions of one’s competence and character†. This definition refers to an externally tilted, public guise based upon reflected appraisals rather than one’s self-image or others’ â€Å"actual† perceptions (Ibarra, 1999; Mead, 1934; Tice Wallace, 2003). Impression management is a common phenomenon in the organizations Read MoreSocial Influence4418 Words   |  18 Pagesthat are being researched in the field of social psychology. For more information, follow the main article links provided. [edit] Kelmans varieties There are three processes of attitude change as defined by Harvard psychologist Herbert Kelman in his 1958 paper in the Journal of Conflict Resolution.[2] The purpose of defining these processes was to help determine the effects of social influence: for example, to separate public conformity (behavior) from private acceptance (personal belief). [edit]Read MorePersuasive Tactics in Marketing Essay2393 Words   |  10 Pages 10 li value=50 Appendix 11 li value=10 Explanation of the two tactics /ol Effective communicators use six principles to get what they want and to influence and shape the behaviour of others, according to Robert B Cialdini, author of Influence: Science and Practice. Each of these principles is governed by a psychological principle that directs human behaviour and gives the users their power. 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Relationships and Attraction Free Essays

From the beginning on time, being around others makes us feel affiliated. It is human nature to form relationships with people who attract us. As human beings, there has always been a desire to form relationships. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationships and Attraction or any similar topic only for you Order Now The lack of relationships and bonds with other individuals can lead to negative feelings, such as loneliness. In order to figure out the need to form bonds we must analyze the benefits and factors of attraction and relationships. There are six factors that describe attraction. The mere exposure happens when we are around someone or something so much, we grow fond of it. For example, you go to training classes for your new positions for the next 4 weeks. When you are hired you are more likely to hang around the people who sat closest to you during your weeks of training. We are more attracted to individuals who are attractive. In a study that evaluated attraction bias and the effect it had on hiring managers, 112 managers were given four potential candidates resume and pictures to go over. The managers chose candidates who were more attractive (Marlowe, Schneider, Nelson, 1996). We are attracted to individuals that we can relate to. For example, advocates for PETA and a person who works on a slaughter farm are less likely to be associated with each other. Along with being attracted to those we relate to, we are also attracted to individuals we look like. For example, in a room full of Hispanics and Blacks, Hispanics are more likely to mingle with Hispanics; the same with black individuals. We are less likely to befriend someone of another culture because of the factor, we are more attracted to individuals we look like. Feenstra also suggest we like individuals who are had to get because â€Å"they are selective in their social choices† (Feenstra, 2011, Ch. 3. 1, â€Å"We like Those Who Are Hard to Get†). If we can form a bond with this individual, it can possibly boost our self esteem because of the exclusivity of the relationship. Humans are more likely to be attracted to individuals they can benefit from. This involves equity. Equity in relationships is receiving back from your partner what you p ut in. A relationship can be under-benefited or over-benefited. Under-benefited relationships involve someone giving more than receiving; and an over-benefited relationship involves receiving more from your partner than giving (Feenstra,2011). Bonds and relationships are natural instincts we as humans want to have. We have an innate need to belong. The need for frequent positive contact and the need for enduring connections marked by mutual concern for the welfare of the other are two parts of the need to belong theory (Feenstra, 2011). Our social bond, emotions, and fear of deprivation are all connected to our need to belong. Positive emotions stem from relationships we have with others. Not being able to form relationships and bonds with others may lead to negative emotions. Social bonds are formed quickly and easily (Feenstra, 2011). For example, you go to a job interview and before the interview you are waiting with a group of people also waiting to get interviewed. You are more likely to end up talking to someone who is sitting next to you. We need contact and attention from others so that we do not feel deprived. Mental illnesses and depression stem from deprivation. Love is a word that is often spoken, and has many different definitions. For example, I love the Atlanta Falcons versus I am in love with Johnny Depp. There are three types of love. Being in love suggest having a desire for someone. There are three types of love, they include: companionate love, compassionate love, and passionate love. Companionate love involves intimacy and commitment. This love can be described as a love you may have for friends and family members. . Trust and past shared experiences contribute to companionate love. Passionate love describes the â€Å"in love† kind of love and involves desire, emotional arousal, and physical attraction (Feenstra, 2011). For example, a man decides to ask his girlfriend to marry him because he is in love with her. Compassionate love describes the love you may feel for your mother. This love is broken into two parts: communal relationships and exchange relationships. In communal relationships things are done for an individual without expecting something in return. In exchange relationships things are done based on whether or not something will be given in exchange. Communal relationships are ones we more likely will have with our friends and family members. For example, if your child is sick you will take care of him or her regardless if they will give you anything back in return. Communal relationships deal with people who aren’t apart of your close friends and family social circle. In Figure 14. 1, Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love distinguishes romantic love from empty love. Sternberg’s theory describes romantic love as passionate and having intimacy . Empty love is described as having only commitment (Feenstra, 2011). Along with these two theories, Sternberg also lists other different components of love. Intimacy, passion, and commitment are all components that make up the kinds of love listed in the table. Intimacy is the closeness you may have with an individual. Its about opening up emotionally and trust. Passion is the emotional desire you have for you partner. Commitments are the decisions we make within relationships. For example, a decision to move to another state along with your partner after they accept a job offers shows your level of commitment to the relationship. We stay healthy by forming bonds with others. When we are deprived we risk depression and other mental illnesses that can have lasting effects on ourselves and others around us. The benefits of relationships show us why we form bonds with other individuals. How to cite Relationships and Attraction, Papers

Tma free essay sample

People, being naturally inquisitive, have often been referred to as scientists. Even as young children, people are constantly testing and evaluating the boundaries to decipher their own social environment and quickly recognise what is acceptable and what is not. This soon evolves into intuition and whether it is constructed in a logical and rational way depends on a number factors. However, when considering cognitive psychology and the information processing that underpins judgements and risks, peoples cognitive processes are often likened to computers in the way that these processes interact. This essay begins by looking at Fritz Heider (1944, as cited in Buchanan et al. , p. 60) an influential psychologist in this area who coined the phrase naive psychology. It then progresses onto the advantages and disadvantages of the attribution theories using Kelleys covariation method and MacArthurs vignettes to test the theory. This is followed by looking into optimistic bias and whether this bias can prevent people from constructing rational and logical theories when making sense of their social environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Tma or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Finally, the essay evaluates the HIV/AIDs and smoking progression and how people can conceptualise risk, resulting in laying blame elsewhere other than in their social group. Heider was one of the first psychologists to study in detail social cognition. He believed that delving into how people made sense of their social environments was fundamental in understanding social behaviours, he believed people actively built models of cause and effect to find predictability and regularity which would help control their lives, operating like naive psychologists. Heider also believed people used this method when people perceive others and their actions. He constructed a study using animated cartoons of moving shapes consisting of a circle, a box and a rectangle. When asked to describe what they saw, all but one of the participants described the shapes movement in terms of human action. The fact that these people were perceiving these shapes automatically to be people goes some way to provide support for Heiders theory and prove that people are certainly trying to make sense of their social environment. However this, albeit simple use of experimental social psychology, has a few limitations. As this was a simplified experiment and disimilar to what would happen in a real social environment, Heider was not able to prove that the results would be the same outside in real life. In fact, often results obtained outside of the laboratory conclude opposite results to that of the laboratory. There is also a possibility that the participants, upon hearing that they would be attending a psychological experiment, subconciously associated psychology with people or themselves and their answers reflected this. In an experimental condition there will always be confounding variables no matter what measures are taken to eliminate them, it is certainly difficult to take research on perception and attention out of everyday life and into a controlled experiment. In a social environment because people are not manufacturing social situations, people see them as they are, this could put them in good stead to construct rational and logical theories on their environment. What Heiders theory lacks is specific procedures and data. Harold Kelley (1967, as cited in Buchanan et al. , p. 2) who developed the covariation model, used testable predictions and data in his attribution theory. The attribution theories suggest people distinguish between external/disposition factors and internal/disposition factors to recognise the causes of social behaviour. Kelley proposed that when people use information in causal reasoning, three variables are decided upon, distinctiveness, consensus and consistency, this was known as the covariation model. He supported the belief that people behave like intuitive scientists. MacArthur (1972, as cited in Buchanan et al. , p. 4) tested this theory in her studies, she wanted to test the effect of different types and level of information on the nature of causal attributions. She used 16 vignettes, a short description of a behaviour event that contained different types of the three variables, CCD. They then assigned an internal or external cause to the event. The results were supportive of MacArthurs theory and imply that we tend to favour internal rather than external attributions, the FAE (fundamental attribution error). However, it has been proven that people do not use always use all the information available to them. This shows that the way people view risk is not particularly logical, people overlook risk and when comparing people to experts, people do not usually conceptualise risks as well as experts Vignettes are easy to use and provide much needed data and from a large number of participants which is likely to produce more accurate results. The kind of control applied in this study would not have been able to take place if it took place in real life. However they do have low ecological validity because of this very reason, it is still constructed. Attribution theories have also been criticised for overstating the rationality of peoples causal reasoning. When considering the idea of people as intuitive scientists it is important to understand that people can tend to be more optimistic about risk than statistics warrant. This results in optimistic bias. For example, irrespective of empirical evidence, some people think smoking wont harm them. Some people know that they are likely to become ill from it and still continue because the immediate gain overcomes any alternative, albeit potentially deadly. This may be as a result of a motivational source which can result in judgemental biases. There are several explanations for this optimistic bias. The availability heuristic, which involves making decisions based on generating examples in peoples cognitive system, perhaps someone they know who has smoked constantly for 60 years has other any side effects. These are good examples to use when deciphering whether people are intuitive scientists and can make rational and logical judgements because the risk of smoking can be estimated using mathematics. The amount of people that still smoke however is a strong argument that people may be intuitive scientists but the concept of making rational, logical decisions can still be lost if alternative factors get in the way, like smoking or HIV. When people have to make decisions quickly, they often unconsciously rely on incomplete information as a result of the environment in which the social cognition takes place, rather than just the basic cognitive processes, this could account for people rejecting the possibility of HIV leading to death, perhaps because the information they have in incomplete. The fact that people have survived despite this however goes some way to suggest that although peoples cognitive processes do not always lead them to the mathematically correct answer, perhaps that element of risk, optimistic bias and inquisitiveness has prolonged peoples evolution so far. The studies involving optimistic bias and indeed many studies involving how people conceptualise risk however, have been conducted in largely Western cultures and having found previous contradictions between studies in Western cultures, (which tend to focus largely on the individual rather than the social group, as is more popular in many Asian cultures), these theories may not apply to the majority of people and therefore more research entailing diverse cultures would build a more successful conclusion as to why optimistic bias occurs. One reason could be evolution, natural selection could have resulted in humans having evolved with optimistic bias meaning that the people who took the risks were more sexually successful. Another reason for this could that in the urgency of everyday life, people do not use all the information available. One could argue that as we do not process everything we see, we connect the dots based on our rational judgement. The people in many of these experiments drew from their own conclusions and upon their own schema which could be wrong. This kind of error highlights one of the disadvantages of people drawing from their own logical and rational theories. Although it is important to note that the above examples are experiments and the situations are unlikely to occur in everyday life, however research has also shown our schema is highly tuned and usually correct. Both cognitive psychology and experimental social psychology initiate ideas of people thinking in machine ways, operating like scientists but the studies have shown otherwise. Perhaps logical and rational ideas are ideologies and are not appropriate in the context of our own social environments. People, in general tend to perceive events as being more under their own control than they perhaps are, it is clear from these studies that people can sometimes become more optimistic when is comes to risks when comparing the true scientific statistics. From the research into varying theories it appears that the majority of people are intuitive scientists, that to a certain extent people do use logical and rational theories to make sense of their social environment, however these are not always successful. As the evidence of several theories suggests, intuition in people is not always correct. Mistakes are bound to be made, especially when motivation factors overcomes logic and experience and imagination interferes with the process. If people have survived thus far using their own rational and logical judgements than anything further may be seen as striving for improvement, where one could argue, it is unnecessary. Word count 1,503 References K. Buchanan, P. Anand, H. Joffe K. Thomas (2007) Perceiving and understanding the social world. In D. Miell, A. Phoenix, K. Thomas (Eds. ), Mapping Psychology (2nd ed. , pp. 5-49). Milton Keynes: The Open University